Present participle: form of verb ending in -ing.

Past participle: form of verb often used with auxiliary verbs.

Perfect participles: expressing completion or result, formed with "having".

Present participle: "-ing" form of the verb, used in progressive tenses.

Past participle: past tense form of the verb, often paired with auxiliary verbs.

Perfect participles: combines "having" + past participle for completed actions.

Passive participles: describes a subject receiving an action (e.g., broken).

Future passive participles: indicates future necessity or obligation.